胃癌

定义

胃癌 is the growth of 癌症 cells in the stomach. 的 stomach is the organ in the upper belly that receives food. Different types of stomach 癌症:

• Adenocarcinoma—tumors of the innermost layer (most common)
• Lymphoma—a 癌症 of the immune system, sometimes in the stomach wall
• 胃 stomal tumors—tumors of the stomach wall
• Carcinoid tumors—tumors of the hormone-producing cells of the stomach

胃癌

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原因

Cancer happens when cells divide without control or order. 的se cells grow together to form a tumor. 他们 can invade and damage nearby tissues. 他们 can also spread to other parts of the body.

It is not clear what 原因 changes in the cells. It is likely a combination of genes and environment.

风险因素

胃癌 is more common in men. It is also more common in people from eastern Asia, eastern Europe, and South America. Other things that may raise the risk are:

• Certain infections, such as 幽门螺杆菌 (H. pylori) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
• Genes, or family history of stomach 癌症—or certain 癌症 syndromes
• 高含量的饮食:
  • Salt, salt-preserved, and pickled foods
  • Red or processed meat
• Being overweight or obese
• 吸烟 or 酒精使用障碍
• 恶性贫血
• Previous stomach surgery
• Ménétrier disease, or certain types of long-term gastritis

症状

In some people, stomach 癌症 may have no 症状. 其他人可能有:

• Belly pain, discomfort, bloating, or fullness
• Weight loss without trying
• 失去饥饿感
• 痛苦的吞咽
• Blood in vomit or stool
• Weakness or tiredness
• Lasting nausea and vomiting
• A swelling or mass in the belly area

诊断

的 doctor will ask about 症状 and past health. 一个物理 检查就完成了.

测试可能包括:

• 血液测试
• Fecal occult blood test-验血 在凳子上

Imaging tests will be used to look for stomach 癌症 or spreading of the 癌症. 它们可能包括:

• 上消化道内窥镜检查
• CT扫描
• 超声波
• positron emission tomography (PET) scan
• 腹腔镜检查

胃癌 is diagnosed with a 活组织检查. 这意味着 and testing a small sample of stomach tissue.

的 exam and test results are used to diagnose the 癌症. 他们 are also used for 暂存. 胃癌 is staged from 0 to 4. 的 lower the number, the less the 癌症 has spread.

治疗

Cancer 治疗 depends on the stage and type of 癌症. A combination of therapies may be used.

Surgery may be done to remove the 癌症 to try to cure it. Or, surgery may be done to ease 症状 in advanced stomach 癌症.

Surgery may include:

• Endoscopic mucosal resection—removal of the tumor through an endoscope
• Subtotal gastrectomy—removal of the lower part of the stomach
• Total gastrectomy—removal of the whole stomach and often nearby lymph nodes

化学治疗(化疗) includes drugs that may be given by mouth or IV—to kill 癌症 cells. 它可以使用:

• Before surgery, sometimes with radiation—to shrink the tumor
• After surgery, often with radiation—to remove any remaining 癌症 cells
• As the main 治疗—if the 癌症:

Radiation therapy shrinks or kills 癌症 cells with high energy rays or particles. It may be used with chemo before, after, or instead of surgery.

Other 治疗s that may be used include:

• Targeted therapy—drugs that target 癌症 cells
• Immunotherapy—drugs that help the body fight 癌症

预防

的 risk of stomach 癌症 may be lowered by:

• Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight
• 治疗H. 螺杆菌感染
• Eating a healthy diet, and:
  • Limiting salted, pickled, and smoked foods
  • 少吃红肉
  • 限制酒精
• 不吸烟

Some people have a very high risk of stomach 癌症 due to genes. For them, stomach removal (gastrectomy) may be an option.

参考文献

• 胃 adenocarcinoma. EBSCO DynaMed website. 可以在: http://www.力学.com/condition/gastric-adenocarcinoma.
• General information about gastric 癌症. 国家癌症 学院网站. 可以在: http://www.癌症.gov/types/stomach/patient/stomach-治疗-pdq#section/%5F1.
• Kamboj AK, Cotter TG, et al. 幽门螺杆菌: the past, present, and future in management. 梅奥临床项目. 2017;92(4):599-604.
• 胃癌. American Cancer Society website. 可用 在:http://www.癌症.org/癌症/stomach-癌症.html.