Bone Cancer

Definition

骨癌是一种破坏正常骨组织的增生. 它也可以扩散到骨骼以外. It may be:

• 原发性骨癌起源于骨组织
• 继发性或转移性骨癌-癌症从其他地方开始并转移到骨骼

Other types of bone cancer are:

• 骨肉瘤-骨肿瘤，通常在手臂、腿或骨盆
• Chondrosarcoma—a tumor that begins in the cartilage
• Ewing sarcoma—tumors that usually begin in the leg and arm bones
• 纤维肉瘤和恶性纤维组织细胞瘤-在软组织中形成并移动到腿骨, arms, and jaw
• 巨细胞瘤——一种原发性骨肿瘤，最常见于手臂或腿骨
• Chordoma—a primary bone tumor that is usually in the skull or spine

Causes

骨癌发生时，细胞分裂失控或无秩序. 这些细胞一起生长形成肿瘤. 它们可以侵入并损害附近的组织. 它们也可以扩散到身体的其他部位.

The cause of primary bone cancer is unknown. Genes most likely play a role.

Risk Factors

可能增加患骨癌风险的因素有:

• Paget's disease
• Exposure to radiation
• Family history of bone cancer
• Certain bone conditions

There may be other things that raise the risk. It depends on the type of bone cancer.

Symptoms

Symptoms will vary. They depend on the size and site of the tumor. Symptoms may be:

• Pain at the tumor site
• 肿瘤部位的肿胀或肿块
• Deep bone pain
• Unexplained weight loss
• Being very tired
• Problems breathing
• Fever or night sweats

Diagnosis

医生会询问你的症状和 past health. A physical exam will be done.

癌症的迹象包括:

• 血液检查——检查异常的骨骼活动
• Biopsy—a 用针或切口取细胞样本，然后 tested

Images can show where 肿瘤的位置和大小. They can 还可以显示癌症是否已经扩散. Tests may include:

• X-ray
• CT scan
• MRI scan
• Bone scan

测试结果将用于分期. 这将勾勒出癌症扩散的范围和速度.

Treatment

治疗取决于类型，分期和 site of the cancer. It also depends on a person's overall health. One or more treatments may be used.

Surgery 用于治疗大多数类型的骨癌. It may include removing:

• 这个区域的肿瘤和组织
• Some nearby lymph nodes
• 骨头或整个肢体——如果其他选择不能去除癌症
• 放置骨移植物和金属板，以支持癌症后的骨骼 removed

放射疗法使用高能射线或粒子杀死或缩小癌细胞. It may be used:

• 手术后——杀死残留的癌细胞
• 而不是手术，如果癌症不能被切除——缩小肿瘤，缓解 symptoms
• 辐射——杀死或缩小癌细胞
• 干细胞支持——如有需要，可使骨髓再生

Chemotherapy 可以通过药片、注射或静脉注射来杀死 cancer cells. 它更常用于某些类型的骨癌.

其他可用于某些骨癌的治疗方法有:

• 靶向治疗是针对并摧毁癌细胞
• Drugs that affect bone cells
• 免疫疗法——帮助身体对抗癌症的药物

Radiation of Tumor

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Prevention

目前还没有预防骨癌的指导方针.

References

• Bone cancer. 美国癌症协会网站. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bone-cancer.html.
• Bone cancer. 国家癌症研究所网站. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/types/bone/bone-fact-sheet.
• Bone tumors and bone sarcomas. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/condition/bone-tumors-and-bone-sarcomas.
• Ferguson JL, Turner SP. 骨癌:诊断与治疗 principles. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(4):205-213.
• Osteosarcoma in adults. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/condition/osteosarcoma-in-adults.
• Osteosarcoma in children. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/condition/osteosarcoma-in-children.