肾癌

定义

肾癌 is 癌症 that 开始s in the kidneys. The kidneys are found just above the waist, on each side of the spine. The kidneys filter blood and make urine. The main types of 肾癌 are:

• 肿瘤 -主要发生在儿童身上
• 肾细胞癌—happens in adults; different types are based on where they 开始

原因

癌症是 when cells in the body split without control or order. 这些 cells go on to form a growth or tumor. 癌症是指有害的生长. 这些 growths can attack nearby tissues and also 扩散到身体的其他部位. 事实并非如此 clear exactly what 原因 this to happen. 这很可能是基因和大脑的混合 环境.

癌细胞生长

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风险因素

肾癌 is more common in men and people 60 years old or 老. Other things that raise the risk are:

• 吸烟 以及接触到别人的吸烟
• 肥胖
• 高血压
• 某些基因改变
• 多吃红肉
• 之前 子宫切除术

症状

肾癌的症状可能是:

• 尿中带血。
• 腰痛
• 肚子里的肿块
• 减肥
• 发热
• 的迹象 贫血 比如感觉疲惫，皮肤苍白， 或者心率过快

诊断

The doctor will ask about 症状 and past health. Blood and urine tests may be done to rule out more common issues like UTI. Images of the kidneys may be taken with:

• CT扫描
• 核磁共振成像扫描

A growth on the kidney may also be found when taking images for other reasons. 癌症是 与a确认 活组织检查. 可疑组织的样本 在实验室里进行测试.

The exam and test results help find out the stage of 癌症. 肾癌 is staged from 1 to 4. 第一阶段是一种非常局部的癌症. 第四阶段是 扩散到身体的其他部位.

治疗

治疗 is based on the stage and type of 肾癌 and 整体健康. More than one 治疗 may be used.

Some small 肾癌s are slow growing. The doctor may monitor them to see if they 生长需要治疗.

Most 肾癌s are treated with surgery. 目标是 尽可能多的切除癌细胞. Nearby lymph nodes or other sites with 癌症 may 也被移除. 手术可能是:

• 部分 肾切除术-切除部分肾脏 治疗较小的肿瘤
• 激进的 肾切除术-摘除整个肾脏，肾上腺 gland, and nearby fatty tissue and lymph nodes

Surgery can also be used to partially remove tumors that are 引起的症状.

Other 治疗 for 肾癌 may include:

• Ablation—a procedure that uses heat or cold to destroy the 癌症. 它可以被使用 for small areas of 癌症 and for those who cannot have surgery.
• Targeted therapy—drugs that target 癌症 cells. 它可以使用:
• Immunotherapy—drugs to help the immune system fight and 杀死癌细胞. 可能是 used for 癌症 that cannot be removed with surgery.
• 化疗—药片或静脉注射的药物 杀死癌细胞. 事实并非如此 very effective against 肾癌. 它可以被使用，如果 other 治疗 have not worked or 癌症 has spread to other organs.
• Radiation therapy—high energy rays to 杀死癌细胞. 它并不总是用于 肾癌. Radiation therapy is most often used to shrink tumors that are causing 比如疼痛或出血.

预防

To help lower the risk of 肾癌:

• 不要吸烟. If you do, ask the doctor about help for 戒烟 .
• Reach and keep a healthy weight with:
• Avoid alcohol or limit it to no more than:

参考文献

• General information about renal cell 癌症. 国家癌症 学院网站. 可以在: http://www.Cancer Types.gov/types/kidney/patient/kidney-治疗-pdq.
• 肾癌. 美国癌症协会网站. 可用 在:http://www.癌症.org/癌症/kidney-癌症.html.
• 肾细胞癌. EBSCO DynaMed网站. 可用 在:http://www.力学.com/condition/renal-cell-carcinoma.
• Rini BI, Battle D等. 免疫治疗学会 癌症 consensus statement on immunotherapy for the 治疗 of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J免疫肿瘤. 2019;7(1):354.